Previous studies have demonstrated the cell composition for many human and mice tissues, including the brain, kidneys, lungs, and skin. This has expanded our knowledge regarding cellular heterogeneity and networks, as well as our understanding in developments in human tissues and organs at the single-cell resolution. Recent technological innovations in transcriptional profiling using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have provided a promising strategy to quantify gene expression at the genome-wide level in thousands of individual cells simultaneously. Therefore, it is essential to identify characteristics of the cells in human organs and their regulatory networks for understanding the biological mechanisms related to health and disease.
Yet, perturbations in the homeostasis lead to various pathological conditions. Like instruments from different families in a symphony orchestra, cells and organs play their harmonious rhythms to maintain the homeostasis of the human body. The human body consists of multiple organs, where multiple types of cells are the core units of structure and function. The adult human cell atlas reveals the inter- and intra-organ heterogeneity of cell characteristics and provides a useful resource in uncovering key events during the development of human diseases in the context of the heterogeneity of cells and organs.
Furthermore, novel cell markers, transcription factors, and ligand-receptor pairs are identified with potential functional regulations in maintaining the homeostasis of human cells among tissues. Moreover, T cell and B cell receptor repertoire comparisons and trajectory analyses reveal direct clonal sharing of T and B cells with various developmental states among different tissues. These collectively contribute to the heterogeneity of major human organs. The adult human cell atlas depicts 252 subtypes of cells, including major cell types such as T, B, myeloid, epithelial, and stromal cells, as well as novel COCH + fibroblasts and FibSmo cells, each of which is distinguished by multiple marker genes and transcriptional profiles. We perform single-cell transcriptomes of 84,363 cells derived from 15 tissue organs of one adult donor and generate an adult human cell atlas. However, a systematic and comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profile across multiple organs of a normal human adult is missing. It is essential to identify the characteristics of cells in human organs and their regulatory networks for understanding the biological mechanisms related to health and disease. As core units of organ tissues, cells of various types play their harmonious rhythms to maintain the homeostasis of the human body.
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